Royalties in India, explained simply

Two copyrights live inside every song. Knowing which one you own decides how you get paid.

General information, not legal advice. Rules and society terms change — always check the latest from the organisations named below.

Composition (the song itself) — melody and lyrics. Owned by the composer(s) and lyricist(s), or their publisher.
Master / sound recording (the recorded version) — usually owned by whoever paid for or produced the recording (you, or a label).

Streaming & downloads — paid through your distributor (master side) and, where applicable, to composition owners.
Public performance & broadcast — when your song is played in venues, radio, TV, etc. In India, authors, composers and publishers can register with a copyright society such as IPRS; owners of sound recordings can look at bodies such as PPL India and Novex. Check each one’s current eligibility and fees.
Sync — licensing your music for ads, films, web series, games. You (or your publisher/label) negotiate fee per use.
Live & teaching & sessions — often the most reliable income early on.

Never sign away all rights “forever, worldwide” for a small one-time fee without advice.
Register your works and keep dated proof of creation (project files, drafts, emails).
Prefer licences (you stay the owner) over assignments (you give ownership away).